Consider Custom Solutions for a Sagging Neckline
Necklines for both men and women can be a focal point of self-consciousness.
However, the etiology of an unattractive neckline can be diverse, so treatment
options must be tailored to the underlying cause. There is no one
solution for everybody. Careful three-dimensional analysis of the soft
tissue and underlying bony structure of the midface, lower jaw and neck are
imperative to choosing the correct modality to improve your neckline.
Some common underlying causes of poor aesthetic necklines:
Small lower jaw - If you have a deep underbite despite
orthodontics and a short chin, this leads to less bone support of the soft
tissues of the jawline and submental region. People with this type of lower jaw
may have a very obtuse chin-neck angle leading to redundant skin. An ideal
treatment for this situation is bony chin advancement (genioplasty).
If your chin is horizontally too short, then an augmentation with a chin
implant is an excellent choice. I prefer the Medpore implant, which is carvable,
and screw fixated and becomes an extension of the bone.
Both genioplasty and chin implants can easily incorporate the technique of
liposuction as a means of sculpting the soft tissues of the neckline by removing
unwanted fat. Liposuction induces collagen production and facilities skin
shrinkage and redistribution yielding a pleasing result. This combination
therapy can produce a wonderful outcome that makes you look more facially
balanced. However, if your skin is too loose and hanging, a more formal neck
lift may be preferable to liposuction.
Mid face descent of soft tissues - Aging can affect facial
fat compartments leading to decreased volume, which results in the midface
falling over time. This sagging increases nasolabial folds and causes lower
facial soft tissue to drape over the jawline. A crisper jawline can be restored
by replacing missing soft tissue volume in the fat compartments of the midface
with filler agents like Voluma and Sculptra or via fat grafting. Subtle volume
enhancements can create a nice effect on the jawline without looking like you've
undergone a surgical procedure.
Gravitational changes to the soft tissue of the neck -
Gravity affects all of us. The skin and muscles of the anterior neck begin to
pull away over time. The appearance of the platysma muscle medial bellies
becomes apparent leading to unsightly banding. In the early stages of
gravity-induced changes, treatments such as chemical peels, micro-needling and
radio frequency can yield improvements and delay the inevitable soft-tissue
sagging.
Ultimately the best treatment option is a face/neck lift. A well performed
facelift by an experienced board-certified plastic surgeon will yield excellent
results with longevity of up to ten years depending on how well you age forward
and take care of your skin, avoiding further sun damage.
Obesity - People with elevated body mass indices will
accumulate increased fat throughout the body. The neck is no exception. Very
mild amounts of fat excess with firm, good quality skin may realize improved
contours with Kithera (an injectable product that dissolves fat in the neck).
However, in my experience, few patients I evaluate are ideal candidates for this
treatment. The injection results in inflammation, which can cause collagen
production and skin remodeling, but most people need bigger guns to fight the
battle. The price of several rounds of injections is as much as a true
liposuction with less effective results.
If you have significant fat in the submental region and reasonable skin
quality, liposuction can be a great treatment option to uncover a more normal
neckline without a lot of expense or downtime. However, a face/neck lift with a
corset platysmaplasty is the tried and true corrective option that works very
predictably.
If you're obese and undergo bariatric surgery or make lifestyle changes to
produce massive weight loss, you'll likely develop excess deflated skin that
hangs off your face and neck creating an aesthetic deformity. Modifications of
standard face and neck lifts must be incorporated to achieve a pleasing
result.
The takeaway is that if you're unhappy with your jaw and neckline, you can
improve your appearance and boost your self-confidence by seeking out proper
consultation with an experienced plastic surgeon. During the consult, a detailed
facial analysis should be performed. Treatment options can be formulated to
yield the best results by addressing your unique issues as presented during the
interview. No need to hide your neck behind scarves and turtlenecks any longer.
Friday, April 1, 2016
Wednesday, March 30, 2016
Complications and
risks
All surgery has risks. Common complications of cosmetic surgery includes hematoma, nerve damage, infection, scarring, implant failure and organ damage. Many women, including famous women Pamela Anderson Lee and Victoria Beckham, who have breast implants have them reversed later, citing many reasons including "health concerns to just wanting a more natural shape". Breast implants can have many complications, including rupture. One in 5 patients who received implants for breast augmentation will need them removed within 10 years of implantation.
Psychological disorders
Though media and advertising do play a large role in influencing many people's lives, researchers believe that plastic surgery obsession is linked to psychological disorders. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is seen as playing a large role in the lives of those who are obsessed with plastic surgery in order to correct a perceived defect in their appearance.
BDD is a disorder resulting in the sufferer becoming “preoccupied with what they regard as defects in their bodies or faces.” Alternatively, where there is a slight physical anomaly, then the person’s concern is markedly excessive. While 2% of people suffer from body dysmorphic disorder in the United States, 15% of patients seeing a dermatologist and cosmetic surgeons have the disorder. Half of the patients with the disorder who have cosmetic surgery performed are not pleased with the aesthetic outcome. BDD can lead to suicide in some of its sufferers. While many with BDD seek cosmetic surgery, the procedures do not treat BDD, and can ultimately worsen the problem. The psychological root of the problem is usually unidentified; therefore causing the treatment to be even more difficult. Some say that the fixation or obsession with correction of the area could be a sub-disorder such as anorexia or muscle dysmorphia.
In some cases, people whose physicians refuse to perform any further surgeries, have turned to "do it yourself" plastic surgery, injecting themselves and running extreme safety risks.
All surgery has risks. Common complications of cosmetic surgery includes hematoma, nerve damage, infection, scarring, implant failure and organ damage. Many women, including famous women Pamela Anderson Lee and Victoria Beckham, who have breast implants have them reversed later, citing many reasons including "health concerns to just wanting a more natural shape". Breast implants can have many complications, including rupture. One in 5 patients who received implants for breast augmentation will need them removed within 10 years of implantation.
Psychological disorders
Though media and advertising do play a large role in influencing many people's lives, researchers believe that plastic surgery obsession is linked to psychological disorders. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is seen as playing a large role in the lives of those who are obsessed with plastic surgery in order to correct a perceived defect in their appearance.
BDD is a disorder resulting in the sufferer becoming “preoccupied with what they regard as defects in their bodies or faces.” Alternatively, where there is a slight physical anomaly, then the person’s concern is markedly excessive. While 2% of people suffer from body dysmorphic disorder in the United States, 15% of patients seeing a dermatologist and cosmetic surgeons have the disorder. Half of the patients with the disorder who have cosmetic surgery performed are not pleased with the aesthetic outcome. BDD can lead to suicide in some of its sufferers. While many with BDD seek cosmetic surgery, the procedures do not treat BDD, and can ultimately worsen the problem. The psychological root of the problem is usually unidentified; therefore causing the treatment to be even more difficult. Some say that the fixation or obsession with correction of the area could be a sub-disorder such as anorexia or muscle dysmorphia.
In some cases, people whose physicians refuse to perform any further surgeries, have turned to "do it yourself" plastic surgery, injecting themselves and running extreme safety risks.
Sub-specialties
Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. In the United States, plastic surgeons are board certified by American Board of Plastic Surgery. Subdisciplines of plastic surgery may include:
Plastic surgery is a broad field, and may be subdivided further. In the United States, plastic surgeons are board certified by American Board of Plastic Surgery. Subdisciplines of plastic surgery may include:
- Aesthetic surgery
- Aesthetic surgery is an essential component of plastic surgery and includes facial and body aesthetic surgery. Plastic surgeons use cosmetic surgical principles in all reconstructive surgical procedures as well as isolated operations to improve overall appearance.
- Burn surgery
- Burn surgery generally takes place in two phases. Acute burn surgery is the treatment immediately after a burn. Reconstructive burn surgery takes place after the burn wounds have healed.
- Craniofacial surgery
- Craniofacial surgery is divided into pediatric and adult craniofacial surgery. Pediatric craniofacial surgery mostly revolves around the treatment of congenital anomalies of the craniofacial skeleton and soft tissues, such as cleft lip and palate, craniosynostosis, and pediatric fractures. Adult craniofacial surgery deals mostly with fractures and secondary surgeries (such as orbital reconstruction) along with orthognathic surgery. Craniofacial surgery is an important part of all plastic surgery training programs, further training and subspecialisation is obtained via a craniofacial fellowship.
- Hand surgery
- Hand surgery is concerned with acute injuries and chronic diseases of the hand and wrist, correction of congenital malformations of the upper extremities, and peripheral nerve problems (such as brachial plexus injuries or carpal tunnel syndrome). Hand surgery is an important part of training in plastic surgery, as well as microsurgery, which is necessary to replant an amputated extremity. The Hand surgery field is also practiced by orthopedic surgeons and general surgeons. Scar tissue formation after surgery can be problematic on the delicate hand, causing loss of dexterity and digit function if severe enough. There have been cases of surgery to women's hands in order to correct perceived flaws to create the perfect engagement ring photo.
- Microsurgery
- Microsurgery is generally concerned with the reconstruction of missing tissues by transferring a piece of tissue to the reconstruction site and reconnecting blood vessels. Popular subspecialty areas are breast reconstruction, head and neck reconstruction, hand surgery/replantation, and brachial plexus surgery.
- Pediatric plastic surgery
- Children often face medical issues very different from the experiences of an adult patient. Many birth defects or syndromes present at birth are best treated in childhood, and pediatric plastic surgeons specialize in treating these conditions in children. Conditions commonly treated by pediatric plastic surgeons include craniofacial anomalies, cleft lip and palate and congenital hand deformities.
Monday, March 28, 2016
Evolutionary Advantages of Female Cosmetic Surgery
Women are more likely than men to undergo plastic surgery; in 2014, 92% of cosmetic surgery procedures in the USA were conducted on female patients. The reason for this discrepancy may be explained by current evolutionary theoretical and empirical findings which suggest that differences in male mate preference play a strong role in motivating females to make alterations to their perceived attractiveness.
Women are more likely than men to undergo plastic surgery; in 2014, 92% of cosmetic surgery procedures in the USA were conducted on female patients. The reason for this discrepancy may be explained by current evolutionary theoretical and empirical findings which suggest that differences in male mate preference play a strong role in motivating females to make alterations to their perceived attractiveness.
Whereas the common traits found attractive by women tend to be related to resources, men universally rate female beauty as more desirable. In particular, female traits such as youth, fertility and health are deemed most attractive by men These traits appear to have evolved as signals to men of a woman’s fertility.
Evolutionary psychologists propose that men possess perceptual mechanisms which have evolved to detect these traits as a means of determining whether or not a woman is a desirable potential mate. For example, an ideal waist-to-hip ratio (“WHR”) of 0.7, which corresponds closely to the optimal ratio of health and fertility, is considered to be most beautiful by modern men because their male ancestors identified that ancestral women with that proportion produced more healthy offspring than ancestral women without the proportion.
In this regard, many anatomical features such as breast size and shape, facial symmetry and WHR are reliable indicators of health and fertility in women and are signals to males that one female holds a higher reproductive value over another.
Therefore, a female desiring to promote her reproductive value can manipulate a male’s evaluation of her by manipulating her anatomical features alone. For example, photographs of women who had just undergone micro-fat grafting surgery (in which fat tissue is taken from the waist region and implanted on the buttocks resulting in a lower WHR) were rated by men as being more attractive than the same women’s pre-operative photograph. It is likely that a woman’s decisions to undergo micro-fat grafting surgery are in part mediated by her intention to signal to possible male mates her reproductive potential.
That females outnumber men undergoing plastic surgery procedures is therefore, a reflection of the immense strength of psychological mate preferences. Cosmetic plastic surgery may be seen by women as a means of accentuating the features that are known to be reliable indicators of health and fertility. By undergoing plastic surgery, these desired and admired features of human female beauty can be permanently acquired by women who otherwise would not have access to these signals.
It is no surprise then, that the most common cosmetic surgery procedures for females include liposuction and breast augmentations in attempts to correct asymmetries and exaggerate traits that are considered to be indicators of health and fertility.
Women are more likely than men to undergo plastic surgery; in 2014, 92% of cosmetic surgery procedures in the USA were conducted on female patients. The reason for this discrepancy may be explained by current evolutionary theoretical and empirical findings which suggest that differences in male mate preference play a strong role in motivating females to make alterations to their perceived attractiveness.
Women are more likely than men to undergo plastic surgery; in 2014, 92% of cosmetic surgery procedures in the USA were conducted on female patients. The reason for this discrepancy may be explained by current evolutionary theoretical and empirical findings which suggest that differences in male mate preference play a strong role in motivating females to make alterations to their perceived attractiveness.
Whereas the common traits found attractive by women tend to be related to resources, men universally rate female beauty as more desirable. In particular, female traits such as youth, fertility and health are deemed most attractive by men These traits appear to have evolved as signals to men of a woman’s fertility.
Evolutionary psychologists propose that men possess perceptual mechanisms which have evolved to detect these traits as a means of determining whether or not a woman is a desirable potential mate. For example, an ideal waist-to-hip ratio (“WHR”) of 0.7, which corresponds closely to the optimal ratio of health and fertility, is considered to be most beautiful by modern men because their male ancestors identified that ancestral women with that proportion produced more healthy offspring than ancestral women without the proportion.
In this regard, many anatomical features such as breast size and shape, facial symmetry and WHR are reliable indicators of health and fertility in women and are signals to males that one female holds a higher reproductive value over another.
Therefore, a female desiring to promote her reproductive value can manipulate a male’s evaluation of her by manipulating her anatomical features alone. For example, photographs of women who had just undergone micro-fat grafting surgery (in which fat tissue is taken from the waist region and implanted on the buttocks resulting in a lower WHR) were rated by men as being more attractive than the same women’s pre-operative photograph. It is likely that a woman’s decisions to undergo micro-fat grafting surgery are in part mediated by her intention to signal to possible male mates her reproductive potential.
That females outnumber men undergoing plastic surgery procedures is therefore, a reflection of the immense strength of psychological mate preferences. Cosmetic plastic surgery may be seen by women as a means of accentuating the features that are known to be reliable indicators of health and fertility. By undergoing plastic surgery, these desired and admired features of human female beauty can be permanently acquired by women who otherwise would not have access to these signals.
It is no surprise then, that the most common cosmetic surgery procedures for females include liposuction and breast augmentations in attempts to correct asymmetries and exaggerate traits that are considered to be indicators of health and fertility.
Male cosmetic
surgery
Whilst women make up the majority of cosmetic surgery clients, the total number of cosmetic surgery operations for men in the UK have risen from 2,440 in 2005 to 4,614 in 2015 Common cosmetic surgery procedures for men include rhinoplasty, liposuction and breast reduction
One possible motivation for male cosmetic surgery is to get rid of telltale signs of femininity and to achieve a more dominant, attractive masculine face. Intra-male mate competition to appear resourceful. can further explain the motivation for cosmetic surgery. Some research suggests that facial attractiveness in men can signal to different qualities, such as socio-economic success. For example, it has been found that more attractive males are more likely to be hired for jobs. Specifically, an attractive and symmetrical face can signal internal well-being and can act as visual marker for genetic quality.
Whilst women make up the majority of cosmetic surgery clients, the total number of cosmetic surgery operations for men in the UK have risen from 2,440 in 2005 to 4,614 in 2015 Common cosmetic surgery procedures for men include rhinoplasty, liposuction and breast reduction
One possible motivation for male cosmetic surgery is to get rid of telltale signs of femininity and to achieve a more dominant, attractive masculine face. Intra-male mate competition to appear resourceful. can further explain the motivation for cosmetic surgery. Some research suggests that facial attractiveness in men can signal to different qualities, such as socio-economic success. For example, it has been found that more attractive males are more likely to be hired for jobs. Specifically, an attractive and symmetrical face can signal internal well-being and can act as visual marker for genetic quality.
Cosmetic surgery
Cosmetic surgery is an optional procedure that is performed on normal parts of the body with the only purpose of improving a person’s appearance and/or removing signs of aging. In 2014, nearly 16 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has almost doubled since the start of the century. 92% of cosmetic procedures were performed on women in 2014 up from 88% in 2001. Nearly 12 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2007, with the five most common surgeries being breast augmentation, liposuction, breast reduction, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery looks at the statistics for thirty-four different cosmetic procedures. Nineteen of the procedures are surgical, such as rhinoplasty or facelift. The nonsurgical procedures include Botox and laser hair removal. In 2010, their survey revealed that there were 9,336,814 total procedures in the United States. Of those, 1,622,290 procedures were surgical (p. 5). They also found that a large majority, 81%, of the procedures were done on Caucasian people (p. 12). The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans, Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the second largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business. In Asia, cosmetic surgery has become more popular, and countries such as China and India have become Asia's biggest cosmetic surgery markets.
The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures include:
Cosmetic surgery is an optional procedure that is performed on normal parts of the body with the only purpose of improving a person’s appearance and/or removing signs of aging. In 2014, nearly 16 million cosmetic procedures were performed in the United States alone. The number of cosmetic procedures performed in the United States has almost doubled since the start of the century. 92% of cosmetic procedures were performed on women in 2014 up from 88% in 2001. Nearly 12 million cosmetic procedures were performed in 2007, with the five most common surgeries being breast augmentation, liposuction, breast reduction, eyelid surgery and abdominoplasty. The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery looks at the statistics for thirty-four different cosmetic procedures. Nineteen of the procedures are surgical, such as rhinoplasty or facelift. The nonsurgical procedures include Botox and laser hair removal. In 2010, their survey revealed that there were 9,336,814 total procedures in the United States. Of those, 1,622,290 procedures were surgical (p. 5). They also found that a large majority, 81%, of the procedures were done on Caucasian people (p. 12). The increased use of cosmetic procedures crosses racial and ethnic lines in the U.S., with increases seen among African-Americans, Asian Americans and Hispanic Americans as well as Caucasian Americans. In Europe, the second largest market for cosmetic procedures, cosmetic surgery is a $2.2 billion business. In Asia, cosmetic surgery has become more popular, and countries such as China and India have become Asia's biggest cosmetic surgery markets.
The most prevalent aesthetic/cosmetic procedures include:
- Abdominoplasty ("tummy tuck"): reshaping and firming of the abdomen
- Blepharoplasty ("eyelid surgery"): reshaping of the eyelids or the application of permanent eyeliner, including Asian blepharoplasty
- Phalloplasty ("penile surgery") : construction (or reconstruction) of a penis or, sometimes, artificial modification of the penis by surgery, often for cosmetic purposes
- Mammoplasty:
- Breast augmentations ("breast implant" or "boob job"): augmentation of the breasts by means of fat grafting, saline, or silicone gel prosthetics, which was initially performed to women with micromastia
- Reduction mammoplasty ("breast reduction"): removal of skin and glandular tissue, which is done to reduce back and shoulder pain in women with gigantomastia and/or for psychological benefit men with gynecomastia.
-
- Buttock lift: lifting, and
tightening of the buttocks by excision of excess skin
- Cryolipolysis: refers to a medical device used to destroy fat cells. Its principle relies on controlled cooling for non-invasive local reduction of fat deposits to reshape body contours.
- Cryoneuromodulation: Treatment of superficial and subcutaneous tissue structures using gaseous nitrous oxide, including temporary wrinkle reduction, temporary pain reduction, treatment of dermatologic conditions, and focal cryo-treatment of tissue
- Labiaplasty: surgical reduction and reshaping of the labia
- Lip enhancement: surgical improvement of lips' fullness through enlargement
- Rhinoplasty ("nose job"): reshaping of the nose
- Otoplasty ("ear surgery"/"ear pinning"): reshaping of the ear, most often done by pinning the protruding ear closer to the head.
- Rhytidectomy ("face lift"): removal of wrinkles and signs of aging from the face
- Midface lift ("cheek lift"): tightening of the cheeks
- Genioplasty ("chin implant"): augmentation of the chin with an implant, usually silicone, by sliding genioplasty of the jawbone or by suture of the soft tissue
- Cheek augmentation ("cheek implant"): implants to the cheek
- Orthognathic Surgery: manipulation of the facial bones through controlled fracturing
- Fillers injections: collagen, fat, and other tissue filler injections, such as hyaluronic acid
- Brachioplasty ("Arm lift"): reducing excess skin and fat between the underarm and the elbow
- Laser Skin Rejuvenation or laser resurfacing: the lessening of depth in pores of the face
- Liposuction ("suction lipectomy"): removal of fat deposits by traditional suction technique or ultrasonic energy to aid fat removal
- Buttock lift: lifting, and
tightening of the buttocks by excision of excess skin
Reconstructive
surgery
Reconstructive plastic surgery is performed to correct functional impairments caused by burns; traumatic injuries, such as facial bone fractures and breaks; congenital abnormalities, such as cleft palates or cleft lips; developmental abnormalities; infection and disease; and cancer or tumors. Reconstructive plastic surgery is usually performed to improve function, but it may be done to approximate a normal appearance.
The most common reconstructive procedures are tumor removal, laceration repair, scar repair, hand surgery, and breast reduction plasty. According to the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, the number of reconstructive breast reductions for women increased in 2007 by 2 percent from the year before. Breast reduction in men also increased in 2007 by 7 percent. In 2012, there were 68,416 performed.
Some other common reconstructive surgical procedures include breast reconstruction after a mastectomy for the treatment of cancer, cleft lip and palate surgery, contracture surgery for burn survivors, and creating a new outer ear when one is congenitally absent.
Plastic surgeons use microsurgery to transfer tissue for coverage of a defect when no local tissue is available. Free flaps of skin, muscle, bone, fat, or a combination may be removed from the body, moved to another site on the body, and reconnected to a blood supply by suturing arteries and veins as small as 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter.
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